12/18/2023 0 Comments Garmin ant agent not detecting 620Local kinship can lead to host–parasite relatedness without kin recognition, but active discrimination favoring relatives might also be involved ( Andersson 1984, 2001 Lyon and Eadie 2000 Lopez-Sepulcre and Kokko 2002 Jaatinen et al. 2012 but see Zink 2000 Semel and Sherman 2001 Pöysä 2004 Anderholm et al. It has therefore been suggested that female kinship structure and host–parasite relatedness, found in several waterfowl, may facilitate evolution of CBP by kin selection ( Andersson and Eriksson 1982 Andersson 1984, 2001 McRae and Burke 1996 Lyon and Eadie 2000 Lopez-Sepulcre and Kokko 2002 Roy-Nielsen et al. Local females hence are often related (e.g., Andersson and Åhlund 2000 Van der Jeugd et al. Most waterfowl form pairs in the wintering area and the male follows his mate to her breeding site (e.g., Anderson et al. But there is an additional interesting possibility in waterfowl, which in contrast with other birds have female philopatry, females tending to nest near their birthplace. In many cases, a host may simply be unable to prevent parasitism, for instance, if she is away from the nest when a parasitic egg is laid and cannot detect it. Given that parasitism can be costly to hosts, why do they accept foreign eggs? Parasitism can also cause a host to lay fewer eggs (e.g., Andersson and Eriksson 1982 Erikstad and Bustnes 1994 Waldeck et al. Parasites reduce own cost of reproduction, but in hosts a larger clutch requires more energy for incubation and other parental care ( Erikstad and Tveraa 1995 Kilpi and Lindström 1997 Hanssen et al. It is particularly common in waterfowl Anatidae, for debated reasons (reviewed by Lyon and Eadie 2000 Eadie and Lyon 2011). 2010 Andersson and Åhlund 2012).ĬBP is most common in species with precocial, self-feeding young, in which additional offspring cost less to raise than in species where parents feed young. Some females combine brood parasitism with subsequent care for a clutch of their own, greatly increasing reproductive success (e.g., Sorenson 1991 Lyon 1993 Brown and Brown 1998 Åhlund and Andersson 2001 Loeb 2003 Reichart et al. It occurs in insects, fish, amphibia, and more than 200 bird species (e.g., Yom-Tov 2001 Tallamy 2005 Harris 2008 Taborsky 2008). Such conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) is a common alternative reproductive tactic among females in egg-tending animals. It is not known whether kin discrimination occurs also in another situation that interested Hamilton (1971): parasitic “tendencies to dump eggs in other nests of the same species.” Parasites avoid or reduce costs of parental care if host females raise the parasitic offspring together with their own. 2009), but less so in eusocial insects, where variation in recognition cues is often insufficient (reviewed by Boomsma and d’Ettore 2013, but see Leadbeater et al. Subsequent research has shown that kin discrimination is common in social animals, particularly in cooperatively breeding vertebrates ( Griffin and West 2003 Komdeur et al. Hamilton’s (1964) inclusive fitness theory 50 years ago predicted that altruistic behavior and cooperation are biased toward close genetic relatives and that selection can favor behavioral discrimination leading to such bias. These and other aspects of female sociality in eiders are discussed in some respects, they may resemble certain long-lived matriarchal mammals. Brood “parasitism” in eiders and other waterfowl is complex, ranging from violent female conflict and parasitic exploitation of the host’s parental care to nest takeover and potential kin selection favoring acceptance of related parasites. Other females trying to access the nest were often prevented from doing so: in 65% of 34 such attempts, the sitting female rejected the intruder. The results demonstrate active female kin discrimination in common eiders, used against nonrelatives that try to lay eggs in the nest. At 8 of these 11 nests, there was overt female aggression and significantly lower host–parasite relatedness (mean coefficient of relationship r = −0.40) than in the nests with tolerant or no interactions ( r = 0.91). Among the video-filmed nests in which interactions were recorded during the egg-laying period, 11 had eggs from 2 females. We also estimate parasitism and host–parasite relatedness by albumen fingerprinting of 975 eggs from 232 nests. Based on observations and >4100h of digital video film, we analyze behavioral interactions at 65 nests of High Arctic common eiders during the laying sequence. Here, we test the hypothesis that hosts may discriminate and reject unrelated parasites. This reproductive tactic is particularly common in waterfowl, in which studies suggest that parasites are often related to the host. In conspecific brood parasitism, some females (“parasites”) lay eggs in nests of other females of the same species (“hosts”).
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